Genetic Engineering And Butanol Fermentation - Free Essay Example

Environmental concerns and non-renewable nature of fossil fuels has triggered research interest in biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. Biofuel production explores two main routes which are biochemical and thermochemical pathway. Biochemical pathway is concerned with the use of chemicals, enzymes and microbes during biofuel production while thermochemical pathway address processes like pyrolysis, gasification and combustion to produce syngas of producer gas. However, a hybrid technology that explores the combination of the biochemical and thermochemical pathway was recently developed via syngas fermentation. Butanol is a valuable biofuel and has the potential to replace gasoline due to its energy content. Focusing on the biochemical pathway, microbes are an integral part of butanol production via ABE fermentation. Clostridia species has been utilized for Acetone Butanol and Ethanol (ABE) fermentation. However, production concentration has been widely affected by inhibitors in the hydrolysate, substrate and butanol toxicity. The purpose of this study is to discuss the recent advancement on the genetic manipulation of clostridium species to optimize butanol production. Butanol fermentation is an age long technology which started in the early twentieth century while using molasses as substrates via the ABE fermentation. Clostridia have the capabilities to produce butanol from a range of substrates like food crops such as corn, sugarcane and cassava, they also utilize non-edible substances such as switchgrass, food wastes, wood and bagasse. Species of clostridia that have been used for ABE fermentation are Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium pasteurianum, clostridium difficile, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum, and Clostridium saccharobutylicum among others. Furthermore, Clostridium beijerinckii and Clostridium acetobutylicum is the most widely used. Clostridia species first produce organic acids during to acidogenic phase which results to a lower pH that triggers a switch to the solventogenic phase when the solvents will be produced.

Animal Cloning Should Be Banned - 1977 Words

Step One: Get Attention Intro: (Show picture) of Dolly the sheep, first cloned animal. (Show picture of McDonalds) and how they do not have a policy against using cloned animal meat, in which according to endanimalcloning.org, in McDonalds See What were made of campaign, McDonald’s did not have a policy on cloned animal meat, or food from their offspring. Talk about audience analysis survey. Talk about how I am against animal cloning, and how I wrote a persuasive essay on human cloning last year, and that the topic of animal cloning interested me, considering animal cloning has been done before. I will be talking about how animal cloning is unethical, goes against animal welfare, is only legal, because of a flawed FDA report, and lastly the risks, technically outweigh the benefits. Thesis: Animal cloning should be banned because, it is unethical, harms animal welfare, was passed by a flawed FDA report, and has too many risks, with very little benefits. Step Two: Establish the Need II. Body 1: Topic sentence: Unethical, because since scientists have the technology today to clone animals does not mean they should. A. Supporting idea 1: 64 percent of Americans think cloning is morally wrong and another 63 percent would not buy cloned food even it were labeled as safe (End Animal Cloning) B. Supporting idea 2: Human cloning and genetic engineering (End Animal Cloning) Some Americans believe that the same technology used to clone animals would be used to clone humans. AlsoShow MoreRelatedElderly Drivers833 Words   |  4 Pages2. There has been talk about banning elderly driving off the road in recent years. Some people suggest that the elderly should reapply for driving licenses. Elderly driver usually have loss of hearing, diminished vision, and slower reaction time. Elderly driver should reapply for driver’s license once they grow old because accidents and fatalities could be reduced by two folds. Since many of the accidents come from elderly drivers, fewer accidents would likely happen at all. There are certainRead More Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Essay example1484 Words   |  6 PagesTherapeutic Cloning Cloning is defined as the â€Å"creation of an exact copy of a living matter, such as a cell or organism† according to Encarta encyclopedia. The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as clones. Scientists use cloning techniques in the laboratory to create copies of cells or organisms with valuable traits. Cloning is a controversial topic because new areas of science often raise questions about safety. Early experiment performed on animals showedRead MoreThe Cloning Should Not Be Banned By The Human Body886 Words   |  4 Pages Cloning Dolly, the sheep in 1996 was a momentous moment in scientific history. Scientists removed the nucleus from one of Dolly s skin cells and engineered an egg to be insert with then nucleus. This egg could have fertilized in a mothers uterus. Following this discovery, mice, pigs and cattle have been cloned based on the same concept. In 2012, a group of scientists took cloning a step further and cloned human embryos. With great certainty, human cloning will be banned by the government dueRead More Human Reproductive Cloning Should be Banned Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Reproductive Cloning Should be Banned The issues concerning human reproductive cloning are shrouded in controversy, perhaps overshadowing the true advantages of cloning technology. Therapeutic cloning, which is often misunderstood as reproductive cloning, is less controversial than the latter as it does not involve the creating of an individual being. Instead, vital stem cells are extracted from human embryos, in order to generate tissues and organs for transplant. The goal of thisRead MoreThe Cloning Of Cloning For Medical Services1586 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethicality of Cloning Cloning the latest process that could change the way we look at our environment, and the step to take us to lose what makes us unique and unparalleled. Cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical individual to the original. There are three types of cloning: gene cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. The disadvantages of cloning is that there had been many attempts at cloning and the results have been numerous deformations and abnormalitiesRead MoreEssay about Problem With Human Cloning1151 Words   |  5 PagesCloning by definition taken from the Oxford Dictionary is a plant or an animal that produced naturally or artificially from the cells of another plant or animal and so the same as it. The first cloned adult mammal is a sheep named Dolly. The aim of research into human cloning has never been to clone people, or to make babies. The original aim of human cloning research is to get stem cell to cure a disease. It is inevitable that one day this kn owledge of human cloning would be abused. As time goesRead MoreThe First Human Clone : Real Stories930 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversial issue of human cloning. The documentary has shown the development of a ten-cell human embryo along with explaining the science behind this extraordinary procedure. Human cloning has raised complex ethical challenges for the people involved, the healthcare staff and the society on the whole. New definitions of parents and children are created by infertility treatments and a rethinking of traditional concepts of family is required. Human reproductive cloning should be banned because of the deathRead MoreThe Benefits of Human Cloning Essay1161 Words   |  5 Pagesof Human Cloning This paper was written to show the reader with information on how cloning a human is a good idea. It may be too soon right now to clone a human, but in the near future scientists will be capable of cloning a human successfully. The rapid development of the technology for cloning has led to moral debates around the world on whether or not to ban cloning humans. With the advancement of clone technology two states, California and Michigan, have already banned the cloningRead MoreThe Debate Over Human Cloning Essay1526 Words   |  7 PagesHuman cloning, an unknown wonder to the universe the world has yet to unfold. The idea of cloning can be a dream to some and others not so much, there’s just endless possibilities when it comes to cloning. With the thought of cloning humans comes reality and other things that can cause issues or keep the experiment stagnant. â€Å"Reality† includes the process of cloning humans, types of cloning, products of cloning, cost, and also ethical issues. Besides the issues and reality part of cloning, this couldRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Food1229 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch results of genetic engineering will be discussed, cloning, delay of decrepitude and genetically modified food. Then benefits and drawbacks will be identified for this three results. Initially, Human Cloning will be disputed. According to Thomas (2013) that cloning is a process which is using biotechnology to produce a creature, and this creature will have the identical genetically with the original animal. The history of cloning (2008) showed that in 1950 some frogs were cloned by scientists

Persuasive Speech Essay free essay sample

â€Å"Kids who got paid all year under a very elegant scheme performed significantly better on their standardized reading tests at the end of the year. Statistically speaking, it was as if those kids had spent 3 extra months in school, compared to their peers, who did not get paid. † – Roland Fryer. Kids these days take school less and less seriously whether they’re lazy or bored in class; more students are failing or dropping out of high school. I propose that students get paid a set amount of money for every ‘A’ the student receives on his/her report card. By doing this we would: improve grades, reduce the number of dropouts, and teach them how to manage money, which all coincides with becoming an adult. We can improve the overall grades of students who are lazy or uninterested in doing work by incentivizing them with a set payment for each grade they get. Time magazine offered underprivileged college students to maintain at least a ‘C’ average and they would be paid $1000 per semester for a maximum of two terms. The students who were selected for this offer were 30% more likely to return the next year for college than the students who weren’t selected. In short, the students who were selected were more likely to come back to college the next year because they knew they would get paid. Roland Fryer also conducted a test in Dallas where he would pay students for each book they read, and the results were better than most of the other tests, where it increased test scores. While improving test scores is important, reducing the number of dropouts is also a crucial element in improving the school system. Reducing the number of high school dropouts has been a problem for many years and I believe that by incentivizing them with money, we can reduce their numbers. The annual number of high school dropouts in the US is about 3,030,000. That’s about 8,300 dropouts per day. That’s almost one percent of the US population. On average, a high school graduate will make $260,000 more than a high school dropout and graduates are eligible for 90% more jobs than a dropout would be. This, in turn leads to a better home, nicer cars, and a better way of life vs. what a dropouts prospects may be. Even so, all this money is useless if you don’t know how to properly manage it. Managing money would be an additional plus to getting paid for good grades because it would teach you the value of money and that you have to work for your money. Although, some people would argue that paying students for good grades doesn’t work or they can’t afford it or their child isn’t motivated by money. If that were the case, then all you have to do is find out what would motivate your child and offer that to them as a reward. A mother recently released her story about how she paid her child for every ‘A’ and ‘B’ they got but on ‘C’s and ‘D’s and ‘F’s they got nothing. She explained all the money they earned would go into their savings account until they were 16, and then they could spend it, save it, or invest it. At the age of 16, they were made to make a decision that adults would/should make. Their mom did this to teach them about the value and management of money. And so, even though money doesn’t motivate all students, the ones its does motivate improve themselves greatly after being paid. I believe that students should be paid for getting good grades because it would improve grades, reduce the number of dropouts, and teach them how to manage money. We recognize the many counts that money didn’t motivate students but evidence shows that the idea that we are introducing with money has increased the student’s grades and test scores in every test. I have researched this topic thoroughly and have quoted experts in this essay. After reading all this I hope you agree with me when I say that I hope they introduce a program that pays Students for getting good grades to help boost test scores and reduce the number of dropouts. According to Psychology Today, the United States has fallen behind other nations on key measures of education and approximately ? of student drop out before graduation Experts point to inadequate motivation as a key to the problem. Too many students are bored by school or distracted by unstable family life or any number of other diversions that face students today. Of course, learning has its own rewards, but some students respond best to CASH. If incentives for good grades can play a role in motivating learning, then wherever possible, these cash for grades programs should be put into effect. Another major reason to pay students for good grades is that these cash incentive programs have helped low-income students stay in school and get better grades. According to a study released by the social-policy research group MDRC, a non-partisan organization perhaps best known for evaluating welfare-to-work programs, cash incentive combined with counseling offered â€Å"real hope† to low-income and nontraditional students at two Louisiana community colleges. The program was simple: enroll in college at least half time, maintain at least a C average and earn $1000. 00 a semester for up to two terms. Participants were 30% more likely to register for a second semester than those students who were not enrolled in the program. And the students that were first offered the cash incentives were more likely than their peers to be enrolled in college a year after they had finished the two term program. Students offered the cash incentives in this program did not just enrolling more classes: they earned more credits and were more likely to attain a C average than nonparticipants. Although U. S. college enrollment has limbed, college completion rates have not. More case for grades incentive programs may help improve upon the number of college graduates among lower income students. There are critics in higher education that are concerned that cash incentives will encourage students to start taking easier courses to ensure they’ll do well enough to pocket the money. â€Å"Everyone knows what the gut classes are when you are in college†. Stated Kirabo Jackson, an assistant professor of labor economics at Cornell University who has studied cash incentives or high school students. â€Å"By rewarding people for a GPA, you are actually giving them an impetus to take an easier route through college†. Other critics note that students’ internal drive to learn may be sapped as they focus on getting an external reward. Paying for good grades is long a tactic of fed-up parents; the idea of paying for good grades has migrated from the family room to the classroom. In states ranging from Texas to Massachusetts, a growing number of students are pocketing cold cash for good grades or test scores. In Houston, Texas, a three month old, privately funded $1. 5 million program rewarded fifth-graders- and notably, their parents when they were able to master basic math standards. Each family stands to earn $1050. 00, not a small amount, especially in a community where 80% of the kids qualify for free or reduced-price lunch. Meanwhile, down the interstate, more than 10,000 Dallas, Texas students have earned up to $400. 00 for taking and passing Advanced Placement tests in a newly expanded $1. 5 million program funded by a private foundation. Most Americans and many educators feel uncomfortable with the idea of paying cash for good grades. According to the most recent national Phi Delta Kappa poll, one out of four Americans say students should be paid for their grades. There’s something about the practice that just feels†¦. wrong. Isn’t there greater value in reading a good book than a certificate for a cheese pizza or a new video game? Isn’t education cheapened when its sum value is a remote chance at a prize? A large number of schools are participating in a pay-for-grades program have seen test scores in reading and math go up by almost 40%. The program, named â€Å"The Sparks Program† will pay seventh graders up to $500. 00 and fourth graders as much as $250. 00 for good performances on 10 assessment tests. About two thirds of the 59 schools in the program improved their scores by margins above the citywide average. In conclusion, clearly there are 3 sides to the argument, mine, yours and the melding of the two, with regard to paying students to get good grades. I feel strongly, that some sort of incentive, or â€Å"payment† should be given to students who are not motivated towards education. The â€Å"reward† does not have to be monetary in nature, but could be what drives the individual- the latest new clothes, a new scooter, bike, or car. A trip, a vacation, or for some, even food on the table. Whatever the incentive is, using it to motivate students in any educational situation, I believe is a good tool for success.

Sexual Orientation In TodayS Society Essays - Gender,

Sexual Orientation In Today'S Society Sexual Orientation in Today's Society In Today's spciety, we can brag about our sexual orientation. There are many role models today who are centerpieces for the gay community. These leaders helped get homosexual people to the level that they are on today. ?Taboo? was the word that was used for any discussion on this matter. Thirty years ago, it was unheard of to have a gay character on television, or in politics or even as your co-worker. Now within the last fifteen to twenty years. People have accepted homosexuals even more due to the understanding and severity of the AIDS virus. When the AIDS virus was discovered in 1981, people labeled it as ?Gay Man's Disease?. This is not the case. True, gay men are a percentage of the growing population of america's AIDS patients. But included in it are drug users and unfortunate blood transfusions. In this paper, I will elaborate on the many theories why people are homosexual and the predjusies that they endure. A main idea for the reason why people are gay is the Nurture vs Nature theory. It is one of the ways of thinking that have been thrown up in the air for a while. It tries to prove that since birth that there has been a growing chemical inbalance in the person growing up in society. This of course is not a fashionable notion today. The overwhelming message of the popular culture, which a thousand films and ten thousand love songs drill into us, is that to find a full life we must seek adventure, drink the cup of passion, follow our heart. Loving you can't be wrong, the voice croons, because it feels so right. They want to believe this. They may even get a vicarious thrill from watching it work out happily ever after on the silver screen. But in their better moments, they know otherwise. They know, even without Scripture to tell us, that the heart is devious above all else (Jer 17:9), that positive experiences and strong desires can never legitimize immorality. They know it when a pedophile describes his nurturing relationships with children. They know it when an adulterous wife complains of her boring husband. They know it when a pornographer proclaims his rights of free speech. They know it when a stripper rationalizes her exploitation. They feel so strongly on their pride and will do anything to uphold it. They face a certain problem where there is little or less understanding on their culture and the way that they live. ?Gay-Bashing? has become a serious problem in todays society. Just last year in Michigan a young man was tied up and beaten to death all because of his sexual orientation. This is a quote from a gay basher who has his own website: ? When I was young, I remember working in a Pizza Hut and a homo grabbed my ass, I turned around to punch him in the face and quickly realized I'd be fired if I did. I stormed off to the back of the restaurant until he left. After complaining to a few thugs who also worked there, they told me that I would be great to join them for their little hobby in Harrisburg. They said they'd go to River street where queers hang out, pick one up, beat the crap out of him and steal his wallet. They proposed that I'd be good for helping to roll queers, and they had yet to find one with less than 50 bucks. At first I thought yeah, that would be fun, especially because I was still really ticked?. In SoHo, many homosexuals work along with the neighborhood police to help wipe out this problem. According to ?Rainbow Stew?, a outrach organization to help every gay person. ?This is a serious problem that our people are faced with every day now. It is not looked at as serioulsly as religious persecution but it should be.? We have to understand that they are people to and even though we might not agree with the way they live their lives. We must respect them, the same way that they show respect to us. The main type of discrimination against the homoselual people is Homophobia. This is the fear of gay people. This is not an argument to criminalize or imprison homosexuals, but an analogy to the relation between strong inclinations and moral responsibility. We could easily apply the Just

The eNotes Blog Just How Many Books Are There Googles Massive Project to Count ThemALL

Just How Many Books Are There Googles Massive Project to Count ThemALL Books to the ceiling, books to the sky, / My piles of books are a mile high. / How I love them! / How I need them! / Ill have a long beard by the time I read them.   ~Arnold Lobel Have you ever wondered just how many books are actually out there?   Well, thanks to Googles researchers, now we know: 128,854,790.   (A number, of course, which will continually change.) Googles Herculean effort is aimed at cataloging and indexing all existing books. The goal is to ultimately have every piece of literature in the world digitized and searchable. The project had some prickly problems with which to contend from the beginning, starting with what actually counts as a book.   You can read more about how they arrived at what counts here. Despite the altruism on many levels of Googles meta-project, there are some concerns about having a private company being in charge of all the worlds data.   But their work will accomplish what governments and/or non-profit entities have not been able to achieve:   the free dissemination of data to the masses, one of the biggest changes of access to knowledge since the printing press.

The Negative Effect of Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Negative Effect of Social Media - Essay Example The psychological and social impacts of social media are surfacing as the usage of social media is increasing our lives. Social media impacts on different aspects of our lives including emotional state, identity development and even the direction of our lives in some cases. Of these, the emotional impacts of social media are perhaps the most discussed negative implication. Social media has been criticized for the effects it has on the psychological state of its users. According to Lippy Copeland, ‘Facebook appears to exploit an Achilles heel of human nature’ (Copeland). Social media has created a culture where everything a person does is posted on Facebook. This has become an addiction and a burden for the users. Often users post information that becomes a source of envy or depression for their friends. When users see their friends having fun in their lives, they feel a sense of loneliness or depression. The excitement in the pictures may be fake or just a small part of the friend’s life but it creates a feeling of envy in the user. Even the user’s friends who post happy and exciting pictures online are not immune to the negative effects of social media. Information that a user posts online is being used to develop a profile of the user. This process also referred as data mining is used to develop aggregate information about the user using his social media information across different websites. This information is then sold to employees, insurance companies, and other interested parties. According to Lori Andrews, ‘our application for credit could be declined not on the basis of your own finances or credit history, but  on the basis of aggregate data’ (Andrews). Facebook users, as a result, may be robbed off a certain job because of what they posted online; or their insurance premium may rise when they start showing more interest in dangerous sports. While

What did Christopher accomplish in his quest of finding the truth on Essay

What did Christopher accomplish in his quest of finding the truth on who killed the dog - Essay Example You also have to understand how machines work and I’m good at understanding how machines work. You also have to be someone who would like being on their own in a tiny space-craft thousands and thousands of mile† quote from chapter 83 Quote 3. â€Å"Mr. Jeavons said that I liked maths because it was safe. He said I liked maths because it meant solving problems, and these problems were difficult and interesting but there was always a uncomplicated answer at the end. And what he meant was that maths wasn’t like life because in life there are no straightforward answers at the end.† Explanation of collage. Pictures from 1 to 5 is the plot of the story from finding the mystery of the dog’s death then going further to the complicated life of Christopher and his discoveries. Being an autistic child, it was hard for him to accept the truth of his father’s lies, and he had to go away to find his place outside of his father’s authority. The story does not end in finding who the real killer was, but in discovering truths hidden from him. Finally, we find Christopher escaping and finding his place in the real world, where he excels in. Justifications for chosen quotation. Quote no. 1 is appropriate as it signals beginning of the story and investigation. Although far from murder, Quote 2 in picture 3 is chosen as it showed Christopher’s desire to get out after he discovered the truths. Quote 3 suggests that he finds solving problems in math easier to do than solving mysteries in life. Then Quote 4 finds Chris dreaming he is alone and finding life easier when those bothering him are gone. Quotes and scenes came from (Haddon,